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地理信息系統(tǒng)(Geographic information system)專業(yè)解析

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　　地理信息系統(tǒng)(Geographic information system)

　　【專業(yè)介紹】

　　地理信息系統(tǒng) (GIS, Geographic Information System)，又稱"地理信息科學" (Geographic Information Science)，是一種具有信息系統(tǒng)空間專業(yè)形式的數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)，所以GIS屬于信息系統(tǒng)的一類，不同在于它能運作和處理地理參照數(shù)據(jù)。它是一門綜合性學科，已經(jīng)廣泛的應用在各個領域，利用計算機硬件、軟件系統(tǒng)，對整個或部分地球表層(包括大氣層)空間中的有關地理分布數(shù)據(jù)進行采集、儲存、管理、運算、分析、顯示和描述的技術系統(tǒng)。該專業(yè)的就業(yè)方向：不僅在畢業(yè)后可以選擇在科研機構或高校從事相關的科研或教學工作，而且可以在城市、區(qū)域、資源、環(huán)境、交通、人口、住房、土地、基礎設施以及規(guī)劃管理等領域從事相關的應用研究、技術開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)管理和行政管理等工作，就業(yè)前景十分廣泛。就業(yè)的單位諸如：國家地理信息中心、國家測繪局、國土資源部、國際著名地理信息軟件公司ESRI (www.esrichina.com.cn) 等。

　　【研究方向】

　　美國大學一般將GIS碩士課程開設在地理系。美國GIS專業(yè)主要開設了以下19個研究方向，分別是：空間數(shù)據(jù)庫的準確性研究;空間關系語言研究;空間數(shù)據(jù)的多種表達方式研究;地理信息的使用和價值研究;海量空間數(shù)據(jù)庫的結構體系研究;空間決策支持系統(tǒng);空間信息的可視化研究;地圖制圖的規(guī)范化研究;地理信息數(shù)據(jù)共享的研究;GIS中時空關系的研究;遙感和GIS的集成研究;GIS的用戶接口研究;GIS和空間分析研究;GIS在全球變化中的作用研究;法律、信息政策和空間數(shù)據(jù)庫關系研究;通過協(xié)作形成空間決策系統(tǒng)的研究;在社會背景中，如何在 GIS中表達人、空間與環(huán)境的研究;地理信息系統(tǒng)的互操作研究;地理世界的規(guī)范化模式研究等。

　　【地理信息系統(tǒng)核心課程】

　　GIS Algorithms and Data Structures

　　Cartography and Geographic Visualization

　　GIS Data Analysis

　　Cognitive Geography and Geographical Cognition

　　Database Design for Geographic Information Systems

　　Programming in Geographic Information Science

　　Advanced Research Methods in Geography

　　【專業(yè)院校推薦】

　　因為有NCGIA的存在，即美國國家地理信息分析中心 (National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis), 它成立于1988年，由三所成員大學組成：加州大學圣巴巴拉分校(The University of California, Santa Barbara); 紐約州立大學水牛城分校(the State University of New York at Buffalo); 以及緬因大學 (the University of Maine)。上述三所大學在GIS領域是名符其實的大牛學校，研究設備比較完善，師資力量也是非常強勁，因此在每年的申請中競爭都是相對比較激烈的。

　　NCGIA官網(wǎng)：http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/

　　以下剖析三所牛校：

　　1. University of California--Santa Barbara, UCSB (加州大學圣巴巴拉分校)

　　地理方面的傳統(tǒng)牛校，雖然建系時間只有30多年，但是用了不到20年的時間就做到了世界一流，特別在GIS和遙感方面。許多GIS和RS界的大師都出自于UCSB地理系，例如美國國家科學院地理信息科學院士、UCSB地理系教授(已退休)Michael F. Goodchild。鑒于此，該校的申請難度非常之高!該校擁有全美研究水平最高、實驗室最多、研究方向最全的地理系，俗稱GIS小哈佛，曾多次被美國國家研究理事會 (NRC) 評為最優(yōu)秀 (前3) 的地理系之一。該校競爭非常激烈，非常難申請。加州大學圣塔芭芭拉分校GIS專業(yè)方向比較廣，但大多側重于應用方面，用GIS解決一些實際的問題，不過相較緬因大學，對數(shù)學和計算機不會太深入。

　　UCSB本科階段提供GIS專業(yè);研究生階段方向涉及(Research specialization)： Earth System Science (atmospheric, hydrologic, oceanic, and terrestrial systems and their interactions)、Human geography (1. human spatial behavior, spatial decision making, and decision support, 2. urban and regional modeling, planning, and policy, 3. human movement and transportation systems, 4. migration, networks, and health, 5. resource and environmental management, 6. environmental ethics, and 7. human response to the changing environment)、Modeling, measurement and computation (numerical modeling, spatial statistics, time series analysis, remote sensing, computational modeling, and database systems, including GIS and visualization)。

　　Admission Requirements:

　　· Statement of Purpose, Personal Achievements/Contributions, and Resume or CV (submitted in the online application)

　　· Three Letters of Recommendation (submitted online)

　　· Official transcripts from all post-secondary institutions attended (submitted online)

　　· GRE General test scores

　　· TOEFL scores 550 Paper-Based Test (PBT), 80 Internet-Based Test (IBT) or IELTS (International English Language Testing System) Overall Band score of 7 or higher (if applicable)

　　· Final/Official transcripts will be required for all applicants who are admitted and have indicated their intent to enroll at UC Santa Barbara by submitting a Statement of Intent to Register (SIR). UC Santa Barbara reserves the right to require official transcripts at any time during the admissions process, and rescind any offer of admission made if discrepancies between uploaded and official transcript(s) are found.

　　http://www.graddiv.ucsb.edu/departments/view/23/

　　2. University at Buffalo, SUNY (紐約州立大學水牛城分校)

　　該校是傳統(tǒng)GIS專業(yè)的頂級名校，地理系做GIS專業(yè)方向的人很多，包括中國faculty BianLing。水牛城的地理系還是中國人聚集的地方，有好幾位做GIS的中國教授，碩士申請難度較小，但博士獎學金很難申請到。

　　研究生階段：

　　(1) Geographic Information Science (Advanced Certificate)--College of Arts and Sciences

　　Geographers have an ongoing concern with the acquisition, manipulation, and display of spatial data. The widespread adoption of computers and the advent of global position systems, satellite-based remote sensing, and virtual reality systems have revolutionized geography and placed it at the cutting edge. Geographic information science seeks to redefine concepts for their use in the digital age, while geographic information systems (GIS) employs powerful technologies to analyze, visualize, and display spatial patterns.

　　申請者需要修讀18個學分，1年完成證書課程

　　http://grad.buffalo.edu/content/www/graduate/Academics/academic_programs/program-profile.html?id=4DQ0URE4Y°=AdvancedCertificate

　　(2) Geological Sciences (MA、MS)--College of Arts and Sciences

　　The Department of Geological Sciences focuses on advancing our understanding of Earth and on applying that knowledge to problems of societal importance. Our faculty members apply interdisciplinary approaches to four main themes: climate change, environmental research, evolution and ecology, and volcanology. Graduate studies are aimed at preparing students for careers in the private sector, government research organizations, and in academia. Students receive specialized training in their selected focus areas but also are exposed to the full breadth of the Department's expertise in order to provide balance and career flexibility.

　　申請者需要修讀30個學分，2年完成學位課程

　　http://grad.buffalo.edu/content/www/graduate/Academics/academic_programs/program-profile.html?id=RWH0UZZKS°=MA

　　3. The University of Maine (緬因大學)

　　NCGIA三校之一,GIS專業(yè)主要側重計算機、工程方面，做空間-時態(tài)模型，空間認知等。如果要在GIS專業(yè)領域大有作為，又對純粹的數(shù)學和計算機領域感興趣的話，可以考慮一下該校。該校有一個圖象處理實驗室。

　　研究生專業(yè): School of Computing and Information Science

　　(1) Spatial Information Science & Engineering (MS)

　　Spatial technologies are changing relations among citizen and between each of us and our

　　surrounding physical environments. The expanding use of mobile, spatial, and context-aware

　　technologies, the building of interoperable coordinated information infrastructures and

　　pervasive sensor-networks, the use of location as the foundation for many current and future

　　business and scientific information systems, and the widespread enablement of individuals to

　　gather their own spatial data, report it to others and generate their own spatial resources are

　　changing the way we live and communicate. The information technology sector will continue to

　　grow and evolve over the years ahead. Those students with advanced degrees in Spatial

　　Information Science and Engineering will help advance innovations and economic growth to

　　make a positive difference in the lives of people.

　　(2) Geographic Information Systems (Graduate Certificate)

　　課程設置參考：

　　Courses involving GIS, GPS or closely related location, tracking or mapping technologies

　　Course NumberCourse TitleLocation technologies or software learned or used by studentsCourses already taught by distance methods or readily could be so taught.

　　ERS 230Geomatics for Earth SciencesGNSS; GIS, remote sensing

　　ERS350Freshwater FlowsGoogle Earth, Web Soil Survey

　　ERS588Freshwater Flows – graduate w/independent projectArcGIS

　　INT 527Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing in Natural Resources ApplicationsERDAS Imagine, ArcMap

　　SFR 205Forest MeasurementsMapInfo

　　SFR208Geomatics GPS and Coordinate GeometryTrimble Pathfinder office, Trimble terrasync & MapInfo

　　SFR211Introduction to Forest Operations PlanningSoftree – Road EngGarmin GPS

　　SFR300Field Practice in Forest ResourcesGarmin GPS

　　SFR400Applied Geographic Information SystemsArcGis, MapInfo, Global Mapper, Trimble Pathfinder, Trimble terrasync, DNR Garmin

　　SFR 402Advanced Forest MeasurementsArcGIS

　　SFR 406Remote Sensing Image Interpretation & Forest MappingNutting 254

　　SFR 609Remote Sensing Special ProblemsNutting 254

　　SIE 510GIS applicationsArcGIS

　　SIE 512Spatial AnalysisR, Geoda

　　SIE 515Human-Computer InteractionGPS tracking, design and visualization of maps for navigation

　　SIE 516Virtual Reality: Research and Applications3D modeling and rendering using Unity 3D suite, spatial interactions of 3D objects in VR, tracking of humans/objects in virtual worlds

　　SMS 540Satellite OceanographyTerascan, MATLAB

　　SVT 331PhotogrammetryGPS, remote sensing

　　SVT 352Practical Field OperationsGIS, GPS, remote sensing

　　SVT 437Practical GPSGIS, GPS

　　SVT 490Surveying CapstoneGIS, GPS

　　SVT 501Advanced Adjustment ComputationsGPS, Remote Sensing

　　SVT 511Geodetic Computations in the U.S. Public Land Survey SystemGIS, GPS

　　SVT 531Advanced Digital PhotogrammetryGIS, GPS, Remote Sensing

　　SVT 532Survey Strategies in the Use of LidarGIS, GPS, Remote Sensing

　　https://spatial.umaine.edu/applied-gis-courses-and-projects/

　　除了上述三大牛校外，如下推薦幾所大學：

　　UC San Diego