筆記之于托福聽力的重要性

　　聽力在整個(gè)托?？荚囍衅鹬e足輕重的作用，或許“得聽力者得天下”這句話是對其重要性最精辟的一個(gè)概括。同時(shí)，聽力相對來說又是托福四門單科中最讓學(xué)生們頭痛的一個(gè)科目，因?yàn)樗淖鲱}模式?jīng)Q定了它的考試難度，經(jīng)常會拿雅思與其進(jìn)行對比，雅思的聽力考試模式是邊聽邊做，但是托福的考試模式卻是先聽再做，換句話說，當(dāng)你在聽的時(shí)候你是“裸”聽，不知道何時(shí)出題，出什么題，這樣的考試模式和大家心目中神一樣存在的英語專業(yè)八級考試的聽力部分非常類似，所以可見托福IBT聽力的含金量。因此在新托福聽力這個(gè)過程中，筆記就凸顯出它微妙的作用。

　　首先，在練大家最頭痛的TPO之前，我們得先搞清楚，ETS為什么要以這樣的模式考聽力。新托福聽力一共分為兩個(gè)section，每個(gè)section包含了一個(gè)conversation和2個(gè)lecture.所以學(xué)生們首先要搞清楚什么是lecture。澳際語言學(xué)校告訴你哦，所謂的lecture就是在你美國大學(xué)校園里的真實(shí)上課場景，類似于國內(nèi)大學(xué)里面學(xué)生們在階梯教室里上的毛鄧三馬哲課程。大家都知道國外的書跟國內(nèi)的書來比真的是天價(jià)，所以學(xué)生一般都用二手書，需要大家在聽課的過程中進(jìn)行note taking。因此托福聽力采取這樣的考試模式，就是為了讓學(xué)生在準(zhǔn)備托?？荚嚨倪^程中學(xué)著適應(yīng)這樣的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，學(xué)會邊聽邊抓教授的主要內(nèi)容，記錄一些細(xì)節(jié)，聽懂教授語音語調(diào)突變的地方等。所以想到以后要上2個(gè)小時(shí)甚至3個(gè)小時(shí)的課，托福聽力5分鐘左右的lecture 只是在你去國外學(xué)習(xí)之前的預(yù)熱而已。

　　有一些學(xué)生們普遍會問，到底是記重要還是聽重要?不記筆記是不是肯定拿不了高分?為什么我的筆記對我做題一點(diǎn)幫助都沒有?為什么我記的都是沒有考到的內(nèi)容?那么，今天澳際語言學(xué)校就先來討論下托福聽力中筆記的微妙作用。同學(xué)們應(yīng)該也注意到“微妙”這個(gè)詞，可知筆記所起到的僅僅是輔助作用，“三分手記，七分腦記”，不記筆記不代表你不能拿高分，但是正確地記筆記對你做題肯定會有效。

　　筆記的微妙作用一：理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)。托福聽力的文章中有兩種比較常見的文章結(jié)構(gòu)分類和對比，比如TPO17L4里面關(guān)于章魚的自我保護(hù)行為，文章開篇便告訴你有三種自我保護(hù)行為，通過改變顏色，紋理和形狀大小，那么其中的三道細(xì)節(jié)題便是從這三個(gè)保護(hù)方式中出題， 所以筆記可以讓你在聽的過程中思路清晰，條理清楚。

　　筆記的微妙作用二：名詞定位。大家都覺得托福聽力難很大一部分原因在于覺得詞匯的學(xué)術(shù)性和專業(yè)性，在文中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)一些你八輩子打不著桿的專有名詞或是生詞，很多同學(xué)就會覺得聽不懂，的確，這是在所難免的，一方面是你詞匯量的問題，另一方面是你對這個(gè)知識點(diǎn)本身就存在盲點(diǎn)的問題，比如天文學(xué)里面講道蟹狀星云，小行星帶等，或許很多同學(xué)連中文背景知識都很缺乏，所以在這個(gè)過程中記錄文章中的名詞就顯得非常重要。再拿TPO17L4中這篇章魚的自我保護(hù)行為作為例子，澳際語言學(xué)校從中列出了幾個(gè)專業(yè)名詞chromatophores(色素細(xì)胞), papillae(突起物).這兩個(gè)詞非常專業(yè)，在大家的詞匯書中估計(jì)都找不到，但是它不會干擾你做題，這個(gè)時(shí)候筆記就產(chǎn)生作用了，你得記下來這兩個(gè)生詞是在分別講哪種保護(hù)行為下提到的，請看第31題：

　　31. How does an octopus change color to match the colors in its environment?

　　A.By raising its papillae.

　　B.By releasing colored ink.

　　C.By reflecting light from its environment.

　　D.By contracting the muscles around its chromatophores

　　那么當(dāng)你的筆記中記到這個(gè)chromatophores出現(xiàn)在color這個(gè)分論點(diǎn)下，馬上就能選出D這個(gè)選項(xiàng),你無需去理解這個(gè)單詞到底是什么意思，但是一定要知道它的位置，它到底是為哪個(gè)分論點(diǎn)服務(wù)的。有些同學(xué)可能會錯(cuò)選A，因?yàn)樵谖闹幸灿刑岬絧apillae這個(gè)單詞，但是它是在texture這個(gè)分論點(diǎn)下提到的，所以在這里是干擾選項(xiàng)，所以筆記在這個(gè)過程中就產(chǎn)生了作用。

　　筆記的微妙作用三：突出出題點(diǎn)的重要性。很多學(xué)生會困擾是不是要聽懂全文才能做對題目，其實(shí)不然。一篇5分鐘的文章才出6個(gè)題，它更側(cè)重于考察文章的邏輯和結(jié)構(gòu)。所以在這個(gè)過程中信號詞就起到非常重要的作用，那么在課上我給學(xué)生總結(jié)了十大出題點(diǎn)，那么所謂的出題點(diǎn)也就是托福聽力可能會出題的地方，是學(xué)生需要聽到這些信號詞豎起耳朵認(rèn)真聽的，澳際語言學(xué)校提醒，那么通過課上所講的筆記符號便可突出重點(diǎn)，從而讓你做題的時(shí)候能夠快速找到你要的答案，就不會存在筆記沒有對做題產(chǎn)生任何作用的問題。

　　附TPO17，聽力L4原文

　　TPO 17 Lecture 4

　　Biology(Octopus)

　　Narrator

　　Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

　　Professor

　　Ok, now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms. And that's the octopus, one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea.

　　The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its predators?

　　Well, let me back up here a second. Anyone ever heard of Proteous? Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change form. He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree, anything you wanted, and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly.

　　Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus. Just like Proteus, the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations. And it does this in three ways: by changing color, by changing its texture, and by changing its size and shape.

　　For me, the most fascinating transformation is when it changes its color. It's a normal skin color, the one it generally presents, is either red or brown or even grey, and it's speckled with dark spots. But when it wants to blend in with its environment to hide from its enemies, it can take on the color of its immediate surroundings: the ocean floor, a rock, a piece of coral, whatever. Charles?

　　Student

　　Do we know how that works, I mean, how they change colors?

　　Professor

　　Well, we know that the reaction that takes place is not chemical in nature. The color changes are executed by two different kinds of cells in the octopus' skin, mainly by color cells on the skin's surface call chromatophores

　　Chromatophores consist of tiny sacks filled with color dye. There might be a couple hundred of these color sacks per square millimeter of the octopus' skin, and depending on the species, they can come in as many as five different colors. Each one of these sacks is controlled by muscles. If the muscles are relaxed, the sack shrinks, and all you see is a little white point. But if the muscle's contract, then the sack expands, and you can see the colors. And by expanding different combinations

　　Student

　　And just with various combinations of those five colors, they can recreate any color in their environment?

　　Professor

　　Well, they can no doubt create a lot with just those five colors, but you are right, maybe they can't mimic every color around them, so that's where the second kind of cell comes in.

　　Just below the chromatophores is a layer of cells that reflect light from the environment, and these cells help the octopus create a precise match with the colors that surround them. The colors from the color sacks are supplemented with colors that are reflected from the environment, and that's how they are able to mimic colors with such precision. So, that's how octopus mimic colors.

　　But they don't just mimic the colors in their environment; they can alos mimic the texture of objects in their environment. They have these little projections on their skin that allow them to resemble various textures. The projections are called papillae. If the octopus wants to have a rough texture, it raises the papillae. If it wants to have a smooth texture, it flattens out the papillae, so it can acquire a smooth texture to blend in with the sandy bottom of the sea.

　　So the octopus has the ability to mimic both the color and the texture of its environment. And it's truly amazing how well it can blend in with its surroundings.

　　You can easily swim within a few feet of an octopus and never see it.

　　Student

　　I read that they often hide from predators by squirting out a cloud of ink, or something like that.

　　Professor

　　Yes. The octopus can release a cloud of ink if it feels threatened. But it doesn't hide behind it, as is generally believed. Um, the ink cloud is ... it serves to distract a predator while the octopus makes its escape.

　　Um, now there's a third way that octopus can transform themselves to blend in withor mimic their environment, and that's by changing their shape and size, well, at least their apparent size.

　　The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very flexible to assume all sorts of shapes and postures. So it can contract into the shape of a little round stone, and sit perfectly still on the seafloor. Or it can nestle up in the middle of a plant and take the shape of one of the leaves. Even Proteus would be impressed, I think.