美國留學(xué)：最易移民的STEM專業(yè)解析

　　伴隨著中國經(jīng)濟和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，‘留學(xué)’這件事情似乎也越來越揭開了她神秘的面紗，它變得不再那么遙不可及。越來越多的‘90后’對自己留學(xué)之路的規(guī)劃也更加理性。他們不再是一味追求所謂的熱門專業(yè)，反而開始尋找自己真正喜歡的，或者跟自己的人生規(guī)劃相結(jié)合的留學(xué)專業(yè)。這也是屬于‘90后’自己的特征，他們有主見、有想法，也越來越知道自己需要什么。在他們眼里，留學(xué)不僅僅是留學(xué)，更是移民國外的理想途徑。（咨詢）

　　眾所周知，美國是個留學(xué)大國，擁有著全球最優(yōu)秀的教育資源，每年吸納成千上萬的海外留學(xué)生。然而，在美國的移民簽證政策越來越收緊的狀態(tài)下，留學(xué)生畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)留在美國就變的越來越困難。那今天這篇文章，就來給大家分析下當(dāng)下最火熱的STEM專業(yè)，以及怎么好好的利用自己的專業(yè)，從而擁有更多的機會留在美國工作，甚至移民。

　　2013年，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)提出新的移民政策中一直提到STEM這個詞，那STEM到底是什么呢?其實，STEM代表的是四種不同專業(yè)的大方向，共包含422個具體的專業(yè)(具體專業(yè)見文章下面的附錄一)。本文就是要解開STEM的神秘面紗。

　　S代表Science科學(xué)，T代表Technology科技，E代表Engineering工程，M代表Mathematic數(shù)學(xué)。如果你的專業(yè)屬于這一類里面的，你將要獲得比別人多17個月的OPT(全稱Optional Practical Training，專業(yè)實習(xí))時間。OPT計劃是美國針對國際留學(xué)生頒布的一項政策。根據(jù)OPT計劃，國際學(xué)生從美國大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，可繼續(xù)以學(xué)生的身份在美國工作實習(xí)12個月，但是美國移民海關(guān)總署(ICE)規(guī)定，科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)(即STEM)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的畢業(yè)生OPT時間可延長至29個月。

　　STEM，是美國乃至世界蓬勃崛起的前景學(xué)科，相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的工作也被認為是未來薪資最高、最有澳際的職業(yè)。因此，STEM專業(yè)的留學(xué)生也享受到比其他專業(yè)學(xué)生多出150%(一年半)的畢業(yè)實習(xí)時間。近期有美國專家提出憂慮，認為美國目前在STEM教育上落后于全球其他國家，應(yīng)該加強對其的重視和投入。

　　根據(jù)全球經(jīng)濟論壇提出的數(shù)據(jù)，美國在教育系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量上排名全球28，在初等教育質(zhì)量上排名全球38，在數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)教育質(zhì)量上排名全球47。然而在與STEM相關(guān)的工作中，超過70%都與計算機科學(xué)有關(guān)。STEM專業(yè)教育和STEM就業(yè)的匹配程度出現(xiàn)了巨大反差。同時，由于美國目前經(jīng)濟狀況向下發(fā)展，與STEM相關(guān)的工作缺口非常巨大，已經(jīng)達到了3700萬。社會市場基金會(The Social Market Foundation)的報告表示，由于勞動大軍的老齡化問題，每年將會有10萬份需要STEM專業(yè)畢業(yè)生填補的工作缺口。而根據(jù)目前美國在學(xué)校中STEM人才的缺失看來，到了2018年，這一人才缺口將達到8600萬。倘若那些從事非STEM專業(yè)工作的STEM畢業(yè)生人數(shù)不變，那么在2020年之前每年都需要額外的四萬名STEM專業(yè)畢業(yè)生。

　　STEM的學(xué)科性質(zhì)決定了其自身發(fā)展的迅速性。據(jù)分析，到了2018年，92%的傳統(tǒng)STEM工作將需要工作人員接受中學(xué)以上的教育和培訓(xùn)。而目前在高中開始時對STEM感興趣的美國學(xué)生，60%在畢業(yè)時失去了興趣。而那些選擇繼續(xù)在大學(xué)進行STEM學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生，則展開了在地球與空間科學(xué)、物質(zhì)與能量、生物醫(yī)學(xué)等廣闊領(lǐng)域的學(xué)習(xí)。在畢業(yè)后的就職選擇上，具有STEM知識背景的學(xué)生可以進入如航空工程、人工智能等充滿樂趣的領(lǐng)域工作。另外，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)已經(jīng)提議投入800萬美元提升STEM教育。所以國際學(xué)生在STEM領(lǐng)域具有非常大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?/p>

　　那么如此火熱并擁有良好前景的專業(yè)，畢業(yè)后申請OPT的條件又是什么呢?

　　要申請OPT的延期，F(xiàn)-1身份的學(xué)生必須：

　　1. 目前已經(jīng)完成學(xué)位，處于12個月的Post-completion OPT狀態(tài);

　　2. 已經(jīng)獲得了在科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程、數(shù)學(xué)(Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)專業(yè)的學(xué)位。具體包括以下領(lǐng)域：Actuarial science, Computer science, Engineering, Engineering technologies, Biological and biomedical sciences, Mathematics and statistics, Military technologies, Physical sciences, Science technologies, Medical scientist;

　　3. 受雇于美國雇主，在與其專業(yè)直接相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)工作;

　　4. 雇主必須參加移民局的E-verify 項目;

　　5. 具有有效的F-1身份(注：OPT仍然屬F-1身份) 。

　　預(yù)祝有這方面潛質(zhì)的同學(xué)們，抓緊時間找好自己的專業(yè)定位，抓住這給力的政策，從而使自己在留美這條道路上越走越寬，越走越好。

　　附錄一：史上最全422個STEM專業(yè)列表

　　Acoustics

　　Actuarial Science

　　Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Aeronautics/Aviation/Aerospace Science and Technology, General

　　Aerospace Ground Equipment Technology

　　Aerospace Physiology and Medicine

　　Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautically/Space Engineering

　　Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Breeding

　　Agricultural Animal Breeding

　　Agricultural Engineering

　　Agro Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture

　　Agronomy and Crop Science

　　Air and Space Operational Art and Science

　　Air and Space Operations Technology

　　Air Science/Airpower Studies

　　Aircraft Armament Systems Technology

　　Algebra and Number Theory

　　Analysis and Functional Analysis

　　Analytical Chemistry

　　Anatomy

　　Animal Behavior and Ethology

　　Animal Genetics

　　Animal Health

　　Animal Nutrition

　　Animal Physiology

　　Animal Sciences, General

　　Animal Sciences, Other

　　Animation, Interactive Technology, Video Graphics and Specific Effects

　　Applied Mathematics, General

　　Applied Mathematics, Other

　　Aquatic Biology/Limnology

　　Archeology

　　Architectural and Building Sciences/Technology

　　Architectural Drafting and Architectural CAD/CADD

　　Architectural Engineering

　　Architectural Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Artificial Intelligence

　　Astronomy

　　Astronomy and Astrophysics, Other

　　Astrophysics

　　Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology

　　Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics

　　Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General

　　Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other

　　Atomic/Molecular Physics

　　Automation Engineer Technology/Technician

　　Automotive Engineering Technology/Technician[SITESERVER_PAGE]

　　Behavioral Sciences

　　Bio Chemical Engineering

　　Biochemistry

　　Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

　　Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Other

　　Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering

　　Bio informatics

　　Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Other

　　Biological and Physical Sciences

　　Biological/Bio system Engineering

　　Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician

　　Biology/Biological Sciences, General

　　Bio Mathematics, Bio informatics, and Computational Biology, Other

　　Biomedical Sciences, General

　　Biomedical Technology/Technician

　　Biometry/Biometrics

　　Biophysics

　　Bio Psychology

　　Bio Statistics

　　Biotechnology

　　Botany/Plant Biology

　　Botany/Plant Biology, Other

　　Business Statistics

　　CAD/CADD Drafting and/or Design Technology/Technician

　　Cardiovascular Science

　　Cell Biology and Anatomy

　　Cell Physiology

　　Cell/Cellular and Molecular Biology

　　Cell/Cellular Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Other

　　Cell/Cellular Biology and Histology

　　Ceramic Sciences and Engineering

　　Chemical and Bio molecular Engineering

　　Chemical Engineering

　　Chemical Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Chemical Engineering, Other

　　Chemical Physics

　　Chemical Process Technology

　　Chemical Technology/Technician

　　Chemistry, General

　　Chemistry, Other

　　Civil Drafting and Civil Engineering CAD/CADD

　　Civil Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Civil Engineering, General

　　Civil Engineering, Other

　　Clinical and Industrial Drug Development

　　Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist

　　Cognitive Psychology and Psycholinguistics

　　Cognitive Science

　　Combat Systems Engineering

　　Command & Control (C, CI) Systems and Operations

　　Comparative Psychology

　　Computational and Applied Mathematics

　　Computational Biology

　　Computational Mathematics

　　Computational Science

　　Computer and Information Sciences, General

　　Computer and Information Sciences, Other

　　Computer and Information Systems Security/Information Assurance

　　Computer Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Computer Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Computer Engineering, General

　　Computer Engineering, Other

　　Computer Graphics

　　Computer Hardware Engineering

　　Computer Hardware Technology/Technician

　　Computer Programming, Other

　　Computer Programming, Specific Applications

　　Computer Programming, Vendor/Product Certification

　　Computer Programming/Programmer, General

　　Computer Science

　　Computer Software and Media Applications, Other

　　Computer Software Engineering

　　Computer Software Technology/Technician

　　Computer Support Specialist

　　Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst

　　Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications

　　Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology

　　Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, Other

　　Condensed Matter and Materials Physics

　　Conservation Biology

　　Construction Engineering

　　Construction Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Cyber/Computer Forensics and Counterterrorism

　　Cyber/Electronic Operations and Warfare

　　Cytotechnologist/Cytotechnologist

　　Dairy Science

　　Data Modeling/Warehousing and Database Administration

　　Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician

　　Developmental and Child Psychology

　　Developmental Biology and Embryology

　　Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia

　　Directed Energy Systems

　　Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, General

　　Drafting/Design Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Ecology

　　Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

　　Ecology, Evolution, Systematics and Population Biology, Other

　　Econometrics and Quantitative Economics

　　Educational Evaluation and Research

　　Educational Statistics and Research Methods

　　Educational/Instructional Technology

　　Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Electrical and Electronics Engineering

　　Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Other

　　Electrical/Electronic Drafting and Electrical/Electronic CAD/CADD

　　Electromechanical and Instrumentation and aintenance

　　Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Electromechanical Engineering

　　Electromechanical Technology/Electromechanical Engineering Technology

　　Elementary Particle Physics

　　Endocrinology

　　Energy Management and Systems Technology/Technician

　　Engineering Acoustics

　　Engineering Chemistry

　　Engineering Design

　　Engineering Mechanics

　　Engineering Physics/Applied Physics

　　Engineering Science

　　Engineering Technologies and Engineering-Related Fields, Other

　　Engineering Technology, General

　　Engineering, General

　　Engineering, Other

　　Engineering/Industrial Management

　　Engineering-Related Fields, Other

　　Engineering-Related Technologies, Other

　　Entomology

　　Environmental Biology

　　Environmental Chemistry

　　Environmental Control Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental Technology

　　Environmental Health

　　Environmental Science

　　Environmental Studies

　　Environmental Toxicology

　　Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering

　　Epidemiology

　　Evolutionary Biology

　　Exercise Physiology

　　Experimental Psychology

　　Explosive Ordinance/Bomb Disposal

　　Financial Mathematics

　　Food Science

　　Food Science and Technology, Other

　　Food Technology and Processing

　　Forensic Chemistry

　　Forensic Science and Technology

　　Forest Engineering

　　Forest Sciences and Biology

　　Genetics, General

　　Genetics, Other

　　Genome Sciences/Genomics

　　Geochemistry

　　Geochemistry and Petrology

　　Geographic Information Science and Cartography

　　Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other

　　Geological/Geophysical Engineering

　　Geology/Earth Science, General

　　Geometry/Geometric Analysis

　　Geophysics and Seismology

　　Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering

　　Hazardous Materials Information Systems Technology/Technician

　　Hazardous Materials Management and Waste Technology/Technician

　　Health/Medical Physics

　　Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Rrigeration Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Horticultural Science

　　Human Biology

　　Human Computer Interaction

　　Human/Medical Genetics

　　Hydraulics and Fluid Power Technology/Technician

　　Hydrology and Water Resources Science

　　Immunology

　　Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences

　　Industrial Engineering

　　Industrial Production Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Industrial Radiologic Technology/Technician

　　Industrial Safety Technology/Technician

　　Industrial Technology/Technician

　　Informatics

　　Information Operations/Joint Information Operations

　　Information Science/Studies

　　Information Technology

　　Information Technology Project Management

　　Information/Psychological Warfare and Military Media Relations

　　Inorganic Chemistry

　　Instrumentation Technology/Technician

　　Integrated Circuit Design

　　Intelligence, Command Control and Information Operations, Other

　　Intelligence, General

　　Joint Command/Task Force (C, CI) Systems

　　Laser and Optical Engineering

　　Laser and Optical Technology/Technician

　　Livestock Management

　　Low-Observables and Stealth Technology

　　Management Science

　　Management Science and Quantitative Methods, Other

　　Manufacturing Engineering

　　Manufacturing Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography

　　Marine Sciences

　　Materials Chemistry

　　Materials Engineering

　　Materials Science

　　Materials Sciences, Other

　　Mathematical Biology

　　Mathematical Statistics and Probability

　　Mathematics and Computer Science

　　Mathematics and Statistics

　　Mathematics and Statistics, Other

　　Mathematics, General

　　Mathematics, Other

　　Mechanical Drafting and Mechanical Drafting CAD/CADD

　　Mechanical Engineering

　　Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/Technician

　　Mechatronics, Robotics, and Automation Engineering

　　Medical Informatics

　　Medical Microbiology and Bacteriology

　　Medical Scientist

　　Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

　　Metallurgical Engineering

　　Metallurgical Technology/Technician

　　Meteorology

　　Microbial and Eukaryotic Genetics

　　Microbiological Sciences and Immunology, Other

　　Microbiology and Immunology

　　Microbiology, General

　　Military Applied Sciences, Other

　　Military Information Systems Technology

　　Military Systems and Maintenance Technology, Other

　　Military Technologies and Applied Sciences, Other

　　Mining and Mineral Engineering

　　Mining and Petroleum Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Mining Technology/Technician

　　Missile and Space Systems Technology

　　Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation

　　Molecular Biochemistry

　　Molecular Biology

　　Molecular Biophysics

　　Molecular Genetics

　　Molecular Medicine

　　Molecular Pharmacology

　　Molecular Physiology

　　Molecular Toxicology

　　Munitions Systems/Ordinance Technology

　　Mycology [SITESERVER_PAGE]

　　Nanotechnology

　　Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy

　　Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other

　　Natural Resources/Conservation, General

　　Natural Sciences

　　Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering

　　Naval Science and Operational Studies

　　Network and System Administration/Administrator

　　Neuroanatomical

　　Neurobiology and Anatomy

　　Neurobiology and Behavior

　　Neurobiology and Neurosciences, Other

　　Neuropharmacology

　　Neuroscience

　　Nuclear and Industrial Radiologic Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Nuclear Engineering

　　Nuclear Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Nuclear Physics

　　Nuclear/Nuclear Power Technology/Technician

　　Nutrition Sciences

　　Occupational Safety and Health Technology/Technician

　　Ocean Engineering

　　Oceanography, Chemical and Physical

　　Oncology and Cancer Biology

　　Operational Oceanography

　　Operations Research

　　Optics/Optical Sciences

　　Organic Chemistry

　　Packaging Science

　　Paleontology

　　Paper Science and Engineering

　　Parasitology

　　Pathology/Experimental Pathology

　　Personality Psychology

　　Petroleum Engineering

　　Petroleum Technology/Technician

　　Pharmaceutical Sciences

　　Pharmaceutics and Drug Design

　　Pharmacy Economics/Pharmaceutical Economics

　　Pharmacology

　　Pharmacology and Toxicology

　　Pharmacology and Toxicology, Other

　　Photobiology

　　Physical Chemistry

　　Physical Science Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Physical Sciences

　　Physical Sciences, Other

　　Physics, General

　　Physics, Other

　　Physiological Psychology/Psychobiology

　　Physiology, General

　　Physiology, Pathology, and Related Sciences, Other

　　Planetary Astronomy and Science

　　Plant Genetics

　　Plant Molecular Biology

　　Plant Pathology/Phytopathology

　　Plant Physiology

　　Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management

　　Plant Sciences, General

　　Plant Sciences, Other

　　Plasma and High-Temperature Physics

　　Plastics and Polymer Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Polymer Chemistry

　　Polymer/Plastics Engineering

　　Population Biology

　　Poultry Science

　　Pre-Engineering

　　Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology

　　Psychopharmacology

　　Quality Control and Safety Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Quality Control Technology/Technician

　　Radar Communications and Systems Technology

　　Radiation Biology/Radiobiology

　　Range Science and Management

　　Reproductive Biology

　　Research and Experimental Psychology, Other

　　Robotics Technology/Technician

　　Science Technologies/Technicians, General

　　Science Technologies/Technicians, Other

　　Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology

　　Signal/Geospatial Intelligence

　　Social Psychology

　　Soil Chemistry and Physics

　　Soil Microbiology

　　Soil Science and Agronomy, General

　　Soil Sciences, Other

　　Solar Energy Technology/Technician

　　Space Systems Operations

　　Statistics, General

　　Statistics, Other

　　Strategic Intelligence

　　Structural Biology

　　Structural Engineering

　　Surveying Engineering

　　Surveying Technology/Surveying

　　Sustainability Studies

　　System, Networking, and LAN/WAN Management/Manager

　　Systematic Biology/Biological Systematics

　　Systems Engineering

　　Systems Science and Theory

　　Telecommunications Engineering

　　Telecommunications Technology/Technician

　　Textile Sciences and Engineering

　　Theoretical and Mathematical Physics

　　Theoretical Chemistry

　　Topology and Foundations

　　Toxicology

　　Transportation and Highway Engineering

　　Undersea Warfare

　　Urban Forestry

　　Veterinary Anatomy

　　Veterinary Infectious Diseases

　　Veterinary Microbiology and Immune biology

　　Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology

　　Veterinary Physiology

　　Veterinary Preventive medicine Epidemiology and Public Health

　　Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology

　　Virology

　　Vision Science/Physiological Optics

　　Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and Recycling Technology/Technician

　　Water Resources Engineering

　　Water, Wetlands, and Marine Resources Management

　　Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design

　　Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster

　　Welding Engineering Technology/Technician

　　Wildlife Biology

　　Wildlife, Fish and Wild lands Science and Management

　　Wood Science and Wood Products/Pulp and Paper Technology

　　Zoology/Animal Biology

　　Zoology/Animal Biology, Other