2月GMAT閱讀機經(jīng)：英國貴族壓迫農(nóng)民.

　　相信很多同學都翹首期盼著每個月的GMAT機經(jīng)，GMAT機經(jīng)對于各位考生們備考非常重要。在考試之前，對GMAT真題的復習，是最直接最有利于考生們的復習材料。澳際教育在這里將最新的GMAT機經(jīng)分享給大家，希望幫助考生們認真?zhèn)淇?。下面?月最近閱讀機經(jīng):英國貴族壓迫農(nóng)民，小編就只能幫大家到這里了。

　　再次感謝熱心小主提供的考古哦~~~~

　　※ 主題思路：

　　新老觀點型：關(guān)于封建領(lǐng)主影響英國經(jīng)濟長期發(fā)展的真正原因

　　※ 段落大意：

　　1)傳統(tǒng)觀點。14世紀時人民的生活水平日益下降，甚至到了威脅生存的地步(開頭句)。接著說了英國lord和tenant的關(guān)系，tenant的生活如何疾苦，如何受lord剝削控制，以至于他們的關(guān)系像是master和serf(農(nóng)奴)。學者們還認為這些地主好吃懶做，表現(xiàn)在很重視眼前的享受和消費，而不在乎長遠的發(fā)展，所以經(jīng)濟一直處于投資不足的狀態(tài)(underinvestment)，還說了一些其它因素，這些都妨礙了宏觀經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。

　　2)新證據(jù)。雖然老觀點有著很大的吸引力(作者用了compelling)，但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)(主題句)。老觀點忽視了(overlook)另一個不同于lord和tenant的新人群：free tenant。他們不是serf，不受地主的人身控制，只用按一個較低的fixed rate繳納租金。最后提到其實tenant也不是原來想的那樣軟弱無力，他們已經(jīng)能夠組織起來和地主negotiate rate。

　　3)進一步的補充。為了應(yīng)付tenant想多租地擴大自身利益的欲望，地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多，看不太懂。。。結(jié)果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當于對經(jīng)濟的一個“brake”，阻礙了14世紀的英國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。(有題，說地主的做法對誰有利?選項里都分了從長期看和從短期看，兩方面討論)[推測：短期對領(lǐng)主有利，但不利于長期的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。因為造成鄉(xiāng)村的失業(yè)]感覺第三段可能是對第一段經(jīng)濟學家的反駁，說這才是阻礙經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的真正原因，當然這只是我個人的看法。

　　超完美匹合原文版bycamelo777

　　Any analysis ofwhy the early fourteenth-century agrarian economy was so predisposed to&aposcrisis&apos necessarily requires carul consideration of class and propertyrelations on the land, for, as Robert Brenner and S. H. Rigby have bothemphasized, these could be of decisive importance.7At that time landlordsexercised feudal rights of lordship over their tenants, many of whom were ofservile status and therore legally subordinate to their lords. This powerrelationship shaped the tenurial relationship between those who owned the landand those who occupied and worked it. Thus it was tenure, as regulated bylandlords, that determined the supply of holdings and the form and level ofrents that were charged. Until recently it was widely believed that feudaltenurial relationships sanctioned and facilitated the extra-economicexploitation of tenants by their lords. Together, the heaviness of rent chargesand the arbitrariness of lordship discouraged and depressed tenant investmentin agriculture.8Meanwhile, lords were more interested in pursuing a feudallifestyle of conspicuous consumption than in enhancing the productivity andprofitability of their estates.9The upshot, it has been claimed, was a viciouscircle of underinvestment, static technology, and low and decliningagricultural productivity.10

　　Such pessimisticviews of lords and their relations with their tenants have long exercised acompelling appeal.15 Nevertheless, they have become increasingly difficult toreconcile with a growing body of historical evidence. The preoccupation withserfdom overlooks the numerous free tenants who were exempt from the mostcoercive aspects of lordship.16Free tenants mostly paid fixed and low rents andtheir property rights enjoyed the protection of the royal courts。The more substantial customarytenants were, in fact, relatively well off 。 Many of these tenants certainly paid a proportion of their rent inlabour, but historians, probably because of a modern abhorrence of theinstitution of forced labour, have exaggerated its economic significance. Inreality, only a minority of tenants actually performed labour services, and theaggregate value of rents in cash far exceeded that of rents in kind.21Notwithstanding the much-vaunted powers of lordship, tenants had long beenremarkably fective at opposing forts by lords to raise rents and increaselabour services in line with rising land values and commodity prices.22They didso by countering seigniorial power with custom and denying that, as tenants,they were obliged to pay their lords anything more than a de facto ground rentfor the land. Tenant right, in fact, often proved more powerful than landlordright.

　　As this articleargues, the fact that so many tenants were in such conspicuous economicdifficulties by the early fourteenth century had less to do with feudallordship per se and the supposed oppressions and inequalities of serfdom, thanwith the contradictions and inficiencies inherent in the coexistence ofcustomary, contractual and commercial relationships. Herein lay the real sourceof the agrarian problem in the early fourteenth century. In so far as lordswere the inadvertent agents of this adverse state of affairs, it was becausetheir dealings with their tenants were typically more compliant than coercive.By yielding to tenant demands for access to land on terms that were sofavourable to the tenants, lords created the preconditions for the subdivisionand subletting that stoked population growth and thereby engendered the ruralcongestion that was the source of so much under- and unemployment, with all thenegative consequences that this implies for labour productivity, livingstandards and purchasing power. This deteriorating situation in the countrysideacted as a brake upon the continued growth of the economy and, from 1315, ltincreasing numbers ever more cruelly exposed to the heightened risk ofenvironmental hazard

　　附上bale的中文版

　　Para1：

　　B：傳統(tǒng)的觀點認為，lord給tenant，特別是serf tenant (隸屬於lord的，給其交租納貢的tenant)，帶來了極大的經(jīng)濟壓力，因為tenant要交很高的稅負，要孝敬lord，缺乏人身自由。

　　Para2：

　　P：但是，這一觀點是不正確的，雖然老觀點有著很大的吸引力(作者用了compelling)，但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)(主題句)。

　　S：因為其一，有很大一部分是non serf tenant，這些人只要交很低的錢，有很大的自由度，小日子還挺滋潤;其二，即便是serftenant，他們的生活也沒有那麼糟糕，他們還是有一定自主權(quán)的，諸如lord要增加稅賦的時候，他們可以提出反對意見，並且有一定的力量。

　　Para3:

　　S：但是中世紀的經(jīng)濟還是惡化了，這是為什麼呢?究其原因，是因為，為了應(yīng)付tenant想多租地擴大自身利益的欲望，地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多，看不太懂。。。結(jié)果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當於對經(jīng)濟的一個“brake”，阻礙了14世紀的英國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。lord在表面上向tenant做了讓步使tenant獲得短期經(jīng)濟利益，但是從長期來看，lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，並最終帶來了社會環(huán)境的惡化。

　　※ 題目：

　　Q1、主旨題

　　V1 經(jīng)濟停滯不前的原因(秒選答案)

　　add a new factor to explain 經(jīng)濟停滯不前的原因，類似的話語，那個new factor就是free tenant(本月V44狗主答案、本月V37確認)

　　考古答案：貌似evaluate14世紀英國經(jīng)濟停滯不前的真正原因

　　Q2、

　　lord對于社會的影響是怎么樣的。

　　V1選的就是短期benifit,長期是negative的 (參考答案)(本月V33狗主答案)

　　Q3、在作者眼里lord應(yīng)該是怎么樣的。(本月試題)

　　V1選的好像是lord依然需要維護法律這樣意思的一個 (參考答案)(本月V33答案)

　　Q4、問這個文章的寫作方式，

　　V1選有modification的(參考答案) (本月V37確認)

　　考古答案：選介紹了個現(xiàn)象，給出了解釋，然后modify了解釋的那個。

　　Q5、是如果以下什么措施被采取了，那么文中第一段黃色highlight的那個詞(我理解為激化的階級矛盾，但這詞我不認識)可以被緩和或者解決，

　　選項有A擴大佃農(nóng)家庭人數(shù)，

　　C控制subdivision和subtlling，

　　V1選C

　　Q6、從文章infer出什么，

　　V1選地主并不是肆無忌憚，還想有法律約束什么的(參考答案) (本月V37確認)

　　考古答案： 選landlord對土地權(quán)利神馬的，不是totally free(因為第二段提到那個free tetant他們好像有royal court保護，所以landlord不是完全橫行的)。

　　Q7、Free tenant例子的作用/舉例說那些non-tenant的目的是什么

　　V1選舉了個例子說明老觀點不能解釋一些新的evidence(參考答案)

　　Q8、關(guān)于landlord賦予free tenant對土地的權(quán)利，作者同意哪個選項有，(本月試題)

　　A.serve the short term and long term interest of landlord;

　　B.serve the short term and long term interest of tenant;

　　C.serve neither short term nor long term interest of landlord;

　　D.serve neither short term nor long term interest of landlord;

　　E.serve short term interest of tenant but not the long term(秒選答案)

　　V1選了E 本月V44、V37狗主確認

　　【以下為該狗主心理歷程：選我當時很糾結(jié)，我覺得，站在黃世仁的角度，他肯定不愿意把土地的權(quán)利下放給楊白勞，所以黃世仁覺得此事不妥，對他長期短期都不利;站在楊白勞的角度，肯定想擁有田地，對他長期短期都好事兒啊。我當時想，丫的人家free tenant在土地上過的好好的，男耕女織，生兒育女，其樂融融，和諧社會，過著低碳又環(huán)保的生活。你非得讓人家發(fā)展經(jīng)濟、棄農(nóng)務(wù)工才是社會進步么?瞧瞧現(xiàn)在所謂“發(fā) 展”導致的溫室效應(yīng)、氣候異常、極端天氣、資源衰竭等，人類遲早要被所謂的“發(fā)展”搞得滅亡了，心想作者你也太狹隘了。。。罵完之后，違心地選了E】

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