2月GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)：美國蘋果.

　　春節(jié)大魚大肉的小日子過后，大家是否有點(diǎn)松懈了呢，澳際小編在這祝大家新年快樂也題型大家新年別松懈，為大家分享關(guān)于美國蘋果種植的機(jī)經(jīng)，希望大家能感受到這股暖意，并把它化為能量，在GMAT考試的道路上勇往直前。

　　※ 主題思路：

　　美國蘋果的交易從面對面交易到分銷各地發(fā)生改變。這一改變中一些人開始鉆空子，需要政府介入來規(guī)范交易

　　※ 段落大意：

　　P1：

　　從1890 到1930年，蘋果的交易發(fā)生方式發(fā)生了變化。美國1890年前的蘋果都是在東部種植的，果農(nóng)和buyer是面對面的，將蘋果賣給near customers。后來，到這段時間的末期，蘋果種植移到了太平洋沿岸，運(yùn)到東部就很費(fèi)時間，而且加州的蘋果商越來越多，蘋果都是加州生產(chǎn)，果農(nóng)有了大量的甚么東西(類似于訂單之類的，有一題的迷惑選項提到了這個)。蘋果商多了之后，他們的產(chǎn)品賣到很遠(yuǎn)的各州。一聯(lián)邦通過了法律，主要有幾點(diǎn)：蘋果質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由政府制定，蘋果質(zhì)量可以在發(fā)運(yùn)前由政府人員評估，供需雙方的合同，包括合同的修改都受法律制約。

　　P2

　　蘋果的質(zhì)量變得不好。如果顧客發(fā)現(xiàn)蘋果質(zhì)量不好，果農(nóng)和分銷商都有責(zé)任;可能蘋果本身質(zhì)量不好，也可能是運(yùn)輸中損壞了蘋果。這樣就有人鉆這個空子(賣質(zhì)量不好的蘋果)，然后扯皮，賄賂官員。

　　P3

　　政府機(jī)構(gòu)等給予裝貨前就核實質(zhì)量，規(guī)定什么時候可以改動貿(mào)易條款，主要是因為在一個供需雙方眾多的市場里，信用已經(jīng)不足以維系公平的交易環(huán)境，比如賣方可以短斤缺兩，然后把責(zé)任推給鐵路;而買方可以借口收到的蘋果比合同約定的質(zhì)量差而要求折扣。所以政府需要介入這樣的交易。當(dāng)然，商人的信用(reputation)一定程度上會防止他們成為投機(jī)分子，但是由于participants很多，還是有必要regulate和核實質(zhì)量。

　　※ 題目

　　1) 主旨題：(Discuss the impetus to regulation。

　　2) 1890年和1930年交易方式有甚么不一樣了?(果農(nóng)不能直接把東西賣給buyer了。)

　　3) 細(xì)節(jié)題：這個act的產(chǎn)生原因有哪些?

　　4) 文章所描述的opportunist　會做什么事情?(明明是質(zhì)量不好的蘋果，非說是裝運(yùn)時是好的。)

　　5) participants 多，往往不能保證buyer 和seller 的reputation，下面哪個情況能說明這一點(diǎn)?　(運(yùn)輸公司的責(zé)任導(dǎo)致貨物損壞。)

　　6) 70年代，apple industry除了哪個外，都是發(fā)生了的變化?

　　7) 細(xì)節(jié)題：蘋果種植在這個時間段先后的變化，第一段定位，我選的是種植的地區(qū)少了。

　　8) 文中提到另一個法規(guī)有什么意義?

　　背景

　　Between 1890 and 1930, the U.S.

　　apple industry underwent a profound transformation. At the beginning of the period, apples were produced in a scattering of orchards through the Midwest and East, near consumers; commercial apples were sold in face to face transactions. At the end of the period, apples were grown commercially in a handful of orchards in the Midwest, the East, and, most importantly, in the Pacific states, and shipped to distant consumers. Commercial apple transactions became anonymous, taking place between buyers and sellers separated by long distances. By 1930, apple sales relied on federally legislated marketing institutions. Quality was specified by federal grading standard, and third party federal inspection services were available to verify quality prior to shipment or after delivery. Standard business practices were dictated by the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930, which clearly specified when buyers or seller could change contract terms, and the procedures they were required to follow when altering contracts.

　　An alternative interpretation is that government involvement in apple marketing was a response to contract-enforcement problems arising as a result of the emergence of the national apple industry. Selling a perishable commodity over long distances was inherently problematic. First, quality declined naturally during the transcontinental delivery. Second, both farmers and the railroad, through their actions during packing and shipment, could accelerate this natural deterioration. Together, these two complications made it possible for sellers to claim to have shipped high quality fruit and for buyers to claim that delivered quality was low regardless of actual quality. Verification of these claims was impossible. The inability to detect whether reports of low delivered quality resulted from a random act of nature, inattention, or fraud lt room for rent-seeking activity and opportunistic behavior.

　　Although the desire to avoid the negative consequences of a bad reputation encourages sellers and buyers to behave honestly, it may be impossible to develop a reputation when there are many buyers and sellers in the market. In such cases, when informal institutions become difficult to sustain, government or industry institutions may emerge. Quality certification and industry-dined minimum-quality standards are both fective methods for transmitting quality information from sellers to buyers. (Contract Evolution and institutional Innovation: Marketing Pacific-Grown Apples from 1890 to 1930)

　　以上就是關(guān)于GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)的全部內(nèi)容，考生朋友可以有選擇的看看，最后需要提醒各位的是，GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)雖然會對我們解題有所幫助，但是在考場中即使題目很像也要避免秒選，最后祝大家都能考出好成績。