【美國】探究去美國讀LLM考Bar

?? 美國有188所由美國律師協(xié)會(ABA)認可的法學院,其中除了一所The Judge Advocate General's School為美國陸軍的軍校之外,另外187所法學院校每年大約招收3.6萬多名的全日制法律學生及約7000名的選讀法律學生.所有被ABA認可的法學院,其畢業(yè)生均可以參加美國各州的律師考試,大約80%以上的法律學生都以選擇律師為主要就業(yè)出路,約10%強的法律畢業(yè)生進入司法體系或選擇其他公職.要獲得美國律師協(xié)會的認可,法學院必須達到該協(xié)會規(guī)定的標準,包括學校設施、圖書館藏書、師生比例、課程安排等.

??? 美國大約有13個州允許LLM學生考bar（美國州級律師資格），這13個州中經(jīng)濟比較發(fā)達、其bar比較有實用價值的是CA和NY，其中絕大多數(shù)的LLM畢業(yè)生會選擇考NY的bar。不一定要在某個特定的州讀LLM，可以到任何一所美國律協(xié)認證的法學院(ABA Approved Law School)讀LLM，然后到那個允許考bar的州去參加考試。

允許LL.M.報考的個州：
Arizona, California, Connecticut, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Paula等

??? 各州對考試資格要求各有不同，加州好像是有多少年實際經(jīng)驗就行，哪怕從來沒上過法學院也可以，但好像需要有外國律師執(zhí)照。德州對單純讀個LLM不能考，但是如果在其他國家執(zhí)業(yè)5年以上，就可以考。

首先，考Bar從理論上來說，是為J.D所準備的，而要考Bar的話，必須是要ABA承認的法學院。應該說，ABA認證法學院也基本上完全是從JD學位來認證的，而和這個學校的LLM并沒有多大關系。簡單的說，要考bar而進ABA認證的法學院，是指進了它的JD才能保證你獲得考Bar的資格。

接下來我們進入重要的問題，就是有關International LLM Student考bar的規(guī)定。第一個要澄清的事情是，各個洲都有自己的Bar，因此，作為International Student要考bar，首先要知道哪些洲是可以允許外國人來做自己的律師的，而不是看這個學校是不是讓你考Bar。簡單說，國際學生考Bar，首先是看哪些洲允許國際學生考。那么，哪些洲允許國際學生考呢，有一下這些：

Arizona, California, Connecticut, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia

第二個問題，或者說第二個要件是，當你找到了允許你考Bar的洲，還要滿足你讀的是ABA認證的學位。那么上面已經(jīng)說了，ABA認證學校是根據(jù)JD來分的，那么我們LLM學生要考Bar就不可以單單看學校了，ABA是把JD以外的所有學位，按照學位來認證的。下面就是最重要的東西，ABA認證的LLM學位有哪些，這里我給大家一個ABA網(wǎng)站上的表格：

Alabama, University of, LL.M.
Boston University, LL.M.
Brigham Young University, LL.M.
California-Davis, University of, LL.M.
California-Hastings, LL.M.
California-Los Angeles, University of, LL.M.
California Western, LL.M./M.C.L.
Case Western Reserve University, LL.M. Catholic University of America, LL.M.
Connecticut, University of, LL.M.
Denver, University of, LL.M.
Duke University, LL.M.
Duquesne University Georgetown University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.
Hawaii, University of, LL.M.
Hamline University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.
Howard University, LL.M.
Indiana University-Indianapolis, LL.M.
Michigan State University, Detroit College, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Minnesota, University of, LL.M.
Pace University, LL.M. Saint Louis University, LL.M
St. Mary's University, LL.M.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.
San Francisco, University of, LL.M.
Santa Clara University, LL.M.
Seattle University, LL.M.
Southern California, University of, LL.M.
Suffolk University, LL.M.
Temple University, LL.M.
Touro Collge, LL.M.
Tulsa, University of, LL.M.
Valparaiso University, LL.M.
Vanderbilt University, LL.M.
Wake Forest University, LL.M.
Washington and Lee University, LL.M.
Washington University, LL.M.
Whittier School of Law, LL.M.
William & Mary, College of, LL.M.

另外，除了這些LLM學位以外，ABA對于其他學位也有認證，主要有JSD，SJD，JM之類的。那么這里再附上ABA認證的所有學位的列表（總表，光LLM的話可以看樓上的貼），以供大家參考：

Admiralty/Marine Affairs
Tulane University, LL.M.
Washington, University of, LL.M.

Agriculture Law
University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, LL.M.
American and International Legal Practice
Loyola University-Los Angeles

American Law for Foreign Lawyers
Florida State University, LL.M.

Asian and Comparative Law
Washington, University of, LL.M.; Ph.D.

Banking, Corporate, and Finance Law/Financial Services/Securities
Boston University, LL.M.
Chicago-Kent-Illinois Institute of Technology, LL.M.
Fordham University, LL.M.
Georgetown University, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Wayne State University, LL.M.
Widener University, LL.M.

Bankruptcy Law
St. John's University, LL.M.

Biotechnology and Genomics
Arizona State University, LL.M.

Business Law
Loyola University-Chicago, L.L.M.; M.J.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.

Business and Taxation
Capital University, LL.M.
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.

Child and Family Law.
Chicago-Kent College of Law, IIT, LL.M.
Loyola University-Chicago, LL.M.; M.J.

Clinical Legal Education
Temple University, LL.M.

Comparative Law/Comparative Legal Studies/Comparative Jurisprudence/Comparative Legal Thought
Florida, University of, LL.M.
Indiana University-Bloomington, M.C.L.
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
New York University, M.C.J.
Pennsylvania State University, LL.M.
Samford University, M.C.L.[
Tulane University, M.C.L.
Tulsa, University of, LL.M.
Yeshiva University, LL.M.$

Criminal Law
Buffalo, State University of NY, Univ. at, LL.M.

Dispute Resolution
George Washington, LL.M
Missouri-Columbia, University of, LL.M
Oregon, University of (Masters)
Pepperdine University, M.D.R., LL.M.

Education Law
Franklin Pierce Law Center, M.E.L.

Employee Benits
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.

Energy, Environment/Natural Resources
Denver, University of, LL.M.
George Washington University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.
Lewis and Clark College, LL.M.
Pace University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.
Tulane University, LL.M.
Utah, University of, LL.M.
Vermont Law School, LL.M.; M.S.E.L.

Entertainment and Media Law
Southwestern University, LL.M.

Estate Planning
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Missouri-Kansas City, University of, J.D./LL.M.

General or As Approved
Alabama, University of, LL.M.
California-Berkeley, University of , LL.M.; J.S.D.
California-Davis, University of , LL.M.
Cardozo School of Law, LL.M.
Catholic University of America, LL.M.
Chicago, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.; M.C.L; D.C.L.
Cleveland State University, LL.M.
Columbia University, LL.M.; J.S.D.
Cornell University, LL.M.; J.S.D.
Emory University, LL.M.
George Mason, J.M. (for nonlawyers)
George Washington University, LL.M.
Georgetown University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Georgia, University of, LL.M.\
Harvard University, LL.M.
Illinois, University of, LL.M.; J.S.D.
Indiana University-Bloomington, LL.M.
Indiana University-Indianapolis, S.J.D.
Louisiana State University, LL.M.; M.C.L.
Michigan, University of, LL.M.; M.C.L.; S.J.D.
Missouri-Kansas City, University of, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.; J.S.D.
New York University, J.S.D.
Pennsylvania, University of, LL.M.; M.C.L.; S.J.D.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.
Southern Methodist University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Stanford University, J.S.D.; J.S.M.
Temple University, LL.M.
Texas, University of, LL.M.
Touro College, LL.M.
Tulane University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Virginia, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Wayne State University, LL.M.
Wisconsin, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.; M.L.I.
Yale University, LL.M.; J.S.D.

Global Technology
Suffolk University, LL.M.

Government and Public Policy
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.
Government Administration and Regulation
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.

Health Law
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.
DePaul University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.
Loyola University-Chicago, LL.M.; S.J.D.; M.J.
Nova Southeastern University, M.H.L.
Quinnipiac University
Saint Louis University, LL.M..K
Seton Hall University, LL.M.
Widener University, LL.M.; S.J.D.; M.J.; D.L

Indigenous Law
Arizona, University of, LL.M.
Tulsa, University of, LL.M.

Insurance Law
Connecticut, University of, LL.M.
Intellectual Property/Technology/Information Technology Law
Akron, University of, LL.M.
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.
Boston University, LL.M.
Cardozo, School of Law, LL.M.
Chicago-Kent College of Law, LL.M.
DePaul University, LL.M.
Franklin Pierce Law Center, LL.M.
George Mason University, LL.M.
George Washington University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.; M.S.
Santa Clara University, LL.M.
Suffolk University, LL.M.
Thomas M. Cooley Law School, LL.M.
Washington University, LL.M.
Washington, University of, LL.M.

International/International and Comparative Law/Comparative and International Law/International Legal Studies
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.
American University, LL.M.d
Chicago-Kent-Illinois Institute of Technology, LL.M.(
Georgetown University, LL.M.
George Washington University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Hofstra University, LL.M.
Iowa, University of, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Notre Dame, University of, LL.M.
Pittsburg, University of, J.S.D.
Puerto Rico, University of, LL.M.
Pittsburgh, University of, LL.M.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.
Southern Methodist University, LL.M.
Stetson University, LL.M.
St. Mary's University, LL.M.
Santa Clara University, LL.M.
Tulane University, LL.M.
Willamette University, LL.M.

International Business and Trade Law/Transnational Business Practice
Arizona, University of, LL.M.
Fordham University, LL.M.
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.
San Francisco, University of, LL.M.
Stetson University, LL.M.

International Economic Law
Houston, University of, LL.M.

International Environmental Law
Washington, University of, LL.M.

Intercultural/International Human Rights
Notre Dame, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.
St. Thomas University, LL.M.

International Taxation
New York University, LL.M.
Regent University, LL.M.
St. Thomas University, J.S.D.

Inter-American Law
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Judicial Process
Virginia, University of, LL.M.

Labor Law/Employment Law
Georgetown University, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Wayne State University, LL.M.

Law and Economics
George Mason University, LL.M.

Law and Government/Procurement
American University, LL.M.
George Washington University, LL.M.

Law, Religion, and Culture
Samford University, LL.M.; S.J.D.

Legal Studies
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.
Arizona State University, LL.M.
Connecticut, University of , LL.M.
Northwestern University, M.S.

Litigation/Trial Advocacy/Advocacy
Georgetown University, LL.M. (Clinical Fellows)
George Washington University, LL.M.

Military Law
Judge Advocate General's School, LL.M.

Ocean and Coastal Law
Miami, University of, LL.M.

Professional Studies in Law
Touro College, M.P.S.L.

Real Estate/Land Development
John Marshall, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Duke University, S.J.D.
Indiana University-Bloomington, S.J.D.
Northwestern University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Southern Methodist University, S.J.D.
Washington University, J.S.D.

Securities Regulation
Georgetown University, LL.M.

Sustainable International Development
Washington, University of, LL.M.

Taxation
Alabama, University of, LL.M.
Baltimore, University of, LL.M.
Boston University, LL.M.
Capital University, LL.M.
Case Western Reserve University, LL.M.
Chapman University, LL.M.
Chicago-Kent-Illinois Institute of Technology, LL.M.
Denver, University of, LL.M.
DePaul University, LL.M.
Florida, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Georgetown University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.9
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.
Loyola Marymount University-Los Angeles, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Missouri-Kansas City, University of, LL.M.
New York Law School, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Northwestern University, LL.M.
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.
Southern Methodist University, LL.M.
Temple University, LL.M.
Thomas M. Cooley Law School, LL.M.
Villanova University, LL.M.
Washington University, LL.M.
Washington, University of, LL.M.
Wayne State University, LL.M.

Trial Advocacy
Temple University, LL.M.

Tribal Policy, Law and Government
Arizona State University, LL.M.

Urban Affairs/Urban Studies
Missouri-Kansas City, University of, LL.M.
Washington University, LL.M